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Number of employees180 (August 2018)(50%)WebsiteHolden, formerly known as General Motors-Holden, is an Australian automobile marque and former, which manufactured cars in Australia before switching to importing cars under the Holden brand. It is headquartered in.The company was founded in 1856 as a manufacturer in. In 1908, it moved into the automotive field and even built the Ford Model T for a period before later becoming a subsidiary of the United States-based (GM) in 1931, when the company was renamed General Motors-Holden's Ltd. It was renamed Holden Ltd in 1998, adopting the name GM Holden Ltd in 2005.In the past, Holden has offered models due to sharing arrangements with,. In previous years, the vehicle lineup consisted of models from, GM Thailand, GM North America, and self-developed models like the, and the.
Holden also distributed the European Opel brand in Australia in 2012 until its Australian demise in mid-2013.Holden briefly owned assembly plants in New Zealand during the early 1990s. The plants had belonged to General Motors from 1926 until 1990 in an earlier and quite separate operation from GM's Holden investment in Australia. From 1994 to 2017, all Australian-built Holden vehicles were manufactured in Elizabeth, South Australia, and engines were produced at the plant in Melbourne. Historically, production or assembly plants were operated in all mainland.
The consolidation of final assembly at Elizabeth was completed in 1988, but some assembly operations continued at until 1994.Although Holden's involvement in exports has fluctuated since the 1950s, the declining sales of large cars in Australia led the company to look to international markets to increase profitability. From 2010, Holden incurred losses due to the strong Australian dollar, and reductions of government grants and subsidies. This led to the announcement, on 11 December 2013, that Holden would cease vehicle and engine production by the end of 2017. On 20 October 2017, the last existing vehicle plant, located in Elizabeth, was closed as the production of the Holden Commodore ended. On 17 February 2020, General Motors announced that the Holden brand would be retired by 2021. Holden & Frost premises onIn 1852, emigrated to South Australia from, England, and in 1856 established J.A.
Holden & Co., a saddlery business in. In 1879 J A Holden's eldest son, became a partner and effectively managed the company. In 1885, German-born joined the business as a junior partner and J.A. Holden & Co became Holden & Frost Ltd., James' grandson, joined the firm in 1905 with an interest in automobiles. From there, the firm evolved through various partnerships, and in 1908, Holden & Frost moved into the business of minor repairs to car upholstery. The company began to re-body older chassis using motor bodies produced by F T Hack and Co from 1914. Holden & Frost mounted the body, and painted and trimmed it.
The company began to produce complete motorcycle sidecar bodies after 1913. After 1917, wartime trade restrictions led the company to start full-scale production of vehicle body shells. Holden founded a new company in late 1917, and registered Holden's Motor Body Builders Ltd (HMBB) on 25 February 1919, specialising in car bodies and using the former F T Hack & Co facility at 400 in Adelaide before erecting a large four-story factory on the site. Holden Body badge on a 1928 Chevrolet TourerBy 1923, HMBB were producing 12,000 units per year. During this time, HMBB assembled bodies for until its plant was completed. From 1924, HMBB became the exclusive supplier of car bodies for GM in Australia, with manufacturing taking place at the new plant.
These bodies were made to suit a number of imported from manufacturers including, and.In 1926, General Motors (Australia) Limited was established with assembly plants at;; City Road, Melbourne, Victoria;; and using bodies produced by HMBB and imported chassis. In 1930 alone, the still independent Woodville plant built bodies for Austin, and, as well GM cars. The last of this line of business was the assembly of sedans in 1948.
The led to a substantial downturn in production by Holden, from 34,000 units annually in 1930 to just 1,651 units one year later. In 1931, GM purchased HMBB and merged it with General Motors (Australia) Pty Ltd to form General Motors-Holden's Ltd (GM-H).
Throughout the 1920s, Holden also supplied 60 tramcar bodies to the, of which several examples have been preserved in both Australia and New Zealand. The Holden 50-2106 utility launched in 1951, three years after the sedan.Holden's second full-scale car factory, located in , was opened on 5 November 1936 by Prime Minister, with construction beginning in 1939 on a new plant in. However, World War II delayed car production with efforts shifted to the construction of vehicle bodies, field guns, aircraft, and engines. Before the war ended, the Australian government took steps to encourage an Australian automotive industry.
Both GM and Ford provided studies to the Australian government outlining the production of the first Australian-designed car. Ford's proposal was the government's first choice, but required substantial financial assistance. GM's study was ultimately chosen because of its low level of government intervention. After the war, Holden returned to producing vehicle bodies, this time for Buick, Chevrolet, Pontiac, and Vauxhall. The was also produced from 1946 to 1948.From here, Holden continued to pursue the goal of producing an Australian car. This involved compromise with GM, as Holden's managing director, favoured development of a local design, while GM preferred to see an American design as the basis for 'Australia's Own Car'.
In the end, the design was based on a previously rejected postwar Chevrolet proposal. The Holden was launched in 1948, creating long waiting lists extending through 1949 and beyond. The name 'Holden' was chosen in honour of Sir Edward Holden, the company's first chairman and grandson of J.A. Other names considered were 'GeM', 'Austral', 'Melba', 'Woomerah', 'Boomerang', 'Emu', and 'Canbra', a phonetic spelling of. Although officially designated ', the car was marketed simply as the 'Holden'. The unofficial usage of the name 'FX' originated within Holden, referring to the updated suspension on the 48–215 of 1953. Holden's series was the first to be tested at the proving ground.During the 1950s, Holden dominated the Australian car market.
GM invested heavily in production capacity, which allowed the company to meet increased postwar demand for motor cars. Less expensive, four-cylinder cars did not offer Holdens the ability to deal with rugged rural areas.
Holden 48–215 sedans were produced in parallel with the 50-2106 from 1951; the latter was known colloquially as the 'ute' and became ubiquitous in Australian rural areas as the workhorse of choice. Production of both the utility and sedan continued with minor changes until 1953, when they were replaced by the facelifted model, introducing a third body style. The FJ was the first major change to the Holden since its 1948 introduction. Over time, it gained iconic status and remains one of Australia's most recognisable automotive symbols. A new horizontally slatted grille dominated the front end of the FJ, which received various other trim and minor mechanical revisions. In 1954, Holden began exporting the FJ to New Zealand. Although little changed from the 48–215, marketing campaigns and price cuts kept FJ sales steady until a completely redesigned model was launched.
At the 2005 in Sydney, Holden paid homage to the FJ with the.Holden's next model, the, launched in 1956, offered in a new body style dubbed 'Station Sedan' in the company's sales literature. In the same year, Holden commenced exports to, Thailand,. Strong sales continued in Australia, and Holden achieved a market share of more than 50% in 1958 with the revised model. This was the first Holden to be tested on the new Holden Proving Ground based in. In 1957, Holden's export markets grew to 17 countries, with new additions including Indonesia, Hong Kong, Singapore, Fiji, Sudan, the East Africa region, and South Africa. Indonesian market cars were assembled locally by P.T.
The opening of the, production facility in 1956 brought further jobs; by 1959, Holden employed 19,000 workers country-wide. In 1959, complete knock-down assembly began in South Africa and Indonesia. 1960s In 1960, Holden introduced its third major new model, the. The car's style was inspired by 1950s Chevrolets, with and a wrap-around windscreen with 'dog leg'. By the time it was introduced, many considered the appearance dated.
Much of the motoring industry at the time noted that the adopted style did not translate well to the more compact Holden. The FB became the first Holden that was adapted for left-hand drive markets, enhancing its export potential, and as such was exported to New Caledonia, the Philippines, and Hawaii.
The EK of 1961 was Holden's response to the Ford Falcon, with the availability of automatic transmission.In 1960, Ford unveiled the new in Australia, only months after its introduction in the United States. To Holden's advantage, the Falcon was not durable, particularly in the front suspension, making it ill-suited for Australian conditions. In response to the Falcon, Holden introduced the facelifted in 1961; the new model featured two-tone paintwork and optional automatic transmission. A restyled came in 1962, debuting the new luxury oriented model.
The update came a year later, bringing the new, providing better performance than the previous. The of 1965 had the introduction of the automatic transmission. At the same time, an 'X2' performance option with a more powerful version of the 179-cubic-inch (2.9 L) six-cylinder engine was made available. In 1966, the was introduced, including changes in the form of new front and rear styling and higher-capacity engines. More significantly, the HR fitted standard front seat belts; Holden thus became the first Australian automaker to provide the safety device as standard equipment across all models. This coincided with the completion of the production plant in Acacia Ridge, Queensland.
By 1963, Holden was exporting cars to Africa, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, and the Caribbean.Holden began assembling the HA series in 1964. This was superseded by the in 1967, a development of the Viva ending Vauxhall production in Australia. Holden offered the LC, a Torana with new styling, in 1969 with the availability of Holden's six-cylinder engine. In the development days, the six-cylinder Torana was reserved for motor racing, but research had shown a business case existed for such a model. The LC Torana was the first application of Holden's new three-speed Tri-Matic automatic transmission.
This was the result of Holden's A$16.5 million transformation of the Woodville, South Australia, factory for its production. Holden's (pictured), was an evolution of the record-selling, with more than 480,000 units shifted throughout the car's lifetime.Despite the arrival of serious competitors—namely, the Ford Falcon, and Japanese cars—in the 1960s, Holden's locally produced large six- and eight-cylinder cars remained Australia's top-selling vehicles. Sales were boosted by exporting the Kingswood sedan, station wagon, and utility body styles to Indonesia, Trinidad and Tobago, Pakistan, the Philippines, and South Africa in complete knock-down form.
1970s Holden launched the new series in 1971. At this time, the company was producing all of its passenger cars in Australia, and every model was of Australian design; however, by the end of the decade, Holden was producing cars based on overseas designs. The HQ was thoroughly re-engineered, featuring a perimeter frame and semi (unibody) construction. Other firsts included an all-coil suspension and an extended wheelbase for station wagons, while the utilities and panel vans retained the traditional coil/leaf suspension configuration. The series included the new prestige brand, which also had a longer wheelbase, replacing the Brougham. The Statesman remains noteworthy because it was not marketed as a 'Holden', but rather a 'Statesman'. The UC, Holden's final iteration of the was replaced by an interim four-cylinder version of the until was launched in 1982.The HQ framework led to a new generation of two-door Monaros, and despite the introduction of the similar-sized competitors, the HQ range became the top-selling Holden of all time, with 485,650 units sold in three years; 14,558 units were exported and 72,290 CKD kits were constructed.
The HQ series was facelifted in 1974 with the introduction of the, heralding new front-panel styling and a revised rear fascia. This new bodywork was to remain, albeit with minor upgrades, through the HX and HZ series. Detuned engines adhering to government emission standards were brought in with the HX series, whilst the HZ brought considerably improved road handling and comfort with the introduction of radial-tuned suspension. As a result of GM's toying with the, as used by of Japan, an export agreement was initiated in 1975. This involved Holden exporting with, HJ, and later, HX series as the. Mazda then fitted these cars with the rotary engine and three-speed automatic transmission.
Production ended in 1977, after just 840 units sold.Development of the Torana continued in with the larger LH series released in 1974, offered only as a four-door sedan. The LH Torana was one of the few cars worldwide engineered to accommodate four-, six-, and eight-cylinder engines. This trend continued until Holden introduced the in 1976, essentially the four-cylinder Torana with a new name. Designated LX, both the Sunbird and Torana introduced a three-door hatchback variant. A final UC update appeared in 1978.
During its production run, the Torana achieved legendary racing success in Australia, achieving victories at the in Bathurst, New South Wales. The premiering in 1978 followed the success of its Kingswood forebear, becoming Holden's bestselling vehicle to date.In 1975, Holden introduced the compact, the Australian version of the ', based on the C. The Gemini was an overseas design developed jointly with Isuzu, GM's Japanese affiliate; and was powered by a 1.6-litre four-cylinder engine. Fast becoming a popular car, the Gemini rapidly attained sales leadership in its class, and the nameplate lived on until 1987.Holden's most popular car to date, the Commodore, was introduced in 1978 as the.
The new family car was loosely based on the E body shell, but with the front from the grafted to accommodate the larger Holden six-cylinder and V8 engines. Initially, the Commodore maintained Holden's sales leadership in Australia. However, some of the compromises resulting from the adoption of a design intended for another market hampered the car's acceptance. In particular, it was narrower than its predecessor and its Falcon rival, making it less comfortable for three rear-seat passengers.
With the abandonment of left-hand drive markets, Holden exported almost 100,000 Commodores to markets such as New Zealand, Thailand, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Indonesia, Malta and Singapore.During the 1970s, Holden ran an advertising jingle 'Football, Meat Pies, Kangaroos, and Holden cars', a localised version of the 'Baseball, Hot Dogs, Apple Pies, and Chevrolet' jingle used by GM's Chevrolet division in the United States.Holden discontinued the Torana in 1979 and the Sunbird in 1980. After the 1978 introduction of the Commodore, the Torana became the 'in-between' car, surrounded by the smaller and more economical Gemini and the larger, more sophisticated Commodore. The closest successor to the Torana was the, released in 1982 as Australia's version of GM's medium-sized '. After a good start, sales of the, Holden's version of the global 'J-car' platform slumped significantly. This placed a huge financial burden on the Australian subsidiary, which was already operating at a loss at this time.The 1980s were challenging for Holden and the Australian automotive industry. The Australian Government tried to revive the industry with the, which encouraged car makers to focus on producing fewer models at higher, more economical volumes, and to export cars. The decade opened with the shut-down of the Pagewood, New South Wales production plant and introduction of the, sourced from Isuzu in Japan.
The Rodeo was available in both two- and four-wheel drive models with a choice of petrol and diesel powerplants. The range was updated in 1988 with the TF series, based on the. Other cars sourced from Isuzu during the 1980s were the four-wheel drive (1981), the (1982) van and the (1986) three-door sports hatchback.
The second generation from 1985 was also based on an Isuzu design, although, its manufacture was undertaken in Australia.While GM Australia's commercial vehicle range had originally been mostly based on products, these had gradually been replaced by products. This process began in the 1970s and by 1982 Holden's commercial vehicle arm no longer offered any Bedford products.The new commercial vehicles and the limousines were introduced in 1980. However, the designs, based on the HQ and updated HJ, and models from the 1970s were less competitive than similar models in Ford's lineup. Thus, Holden abandoned those vehicle classes altogether in 1984.
Sales of the Commodore also fell, with the effects of the lessening, and for the first time the Commodore lost ground to the Ford Falcon. Sales in other segments also suffered when competition from Ford intensified, and other Australian manufacturers:, and gained market share.
When released in 1982, the Camira initially generated good sales, which later declined because buyers considered the 1.6-litre engine underpowered, and the car's build and ride quality below-average. The Camira lasted just seven years, and contributed to Holden's accumulated losses of over A$500 million by the mid-1980s. The second generation Commodore ( pictured) overcame the previous generation's width problems.In 1984, Holden introduced the, with significant styling changes from the previous. The Commodore was next updated in 1986 as the, which had new front and rear styling. Controversially, the VL was powered by the 3.0-litre six-cylinder engine and had a Nissan-built, electronically controlled four-speed automatic transmission.
Holden even went to court in 1984 to stop local motoring magazine from reporting on the matter. The engine change was necessitated by the legal requirement that all new cars sold in Australia after 1986 had to consume unleaded petrol. Because it was unfeasible to convert the existing six-cylinder engine to run on unleaded fuel, the Nissan engine was chosen as the best engine available. However, changing currency exchange rates doubled the cost of the engine and transmission over the life of the VL. The decision to opt for a Japanese-made transmission led to the closure of the Woodville, South Australia assembly plant. Confident by the apparent sign of turnaround, GM paid off Holden's mounted losses of A$780 million on 19 December 1986.
At GM headquarters' request, Holden was then reorganised and recapitalised, separating the engine and car manufacturing divisions in the process. This involved the splitting of Holden into Holden's Motor Company (HMC) and Holden's Engine Company (HEC). For the most part, car bodies were now manufactured at, with engines as before, confined to the Fishermans Bend plant in Port Melbourne, Victoria. The engine manufacturing business was successful, building four-cylinder engines for use in cars built overseas. The final phase of the Commodore's recovery strategy involved the 1988, a significantly wider model powered by the American-designed, Australian-assembled 3.8-litre.Holden began to sell the subcompact -based in 1985. The Barina was launched concurrently with the -sourced, followed by the later on in 1985.
In the previous year, hatchbacks were rebadged as the, as a result of a deal with Nissan. This arrangement ceased in 1989 when Holden entered a new alliance with Toyota, forming a new company: (UAAI). UAAI resulted in Holden selling rebadged versions of Toyota's and, as the and respectively, with Toyota re-branding the Commodore as the Lexcen. The of 1995, represented a mild facelift of the, which in turn was an update of the 1990 —Holden's long-wheelbase version of the series.The company changed throughout the 1990s, increasing its Australian market share from 21 percent in 1991 to 28.2 percent in 1999. Besides manufacturing Australia's best selling car, which was exported in significant numbers, Holden continued to export many locally produced engines to power cars made elsewhere. In this decade, Holden adopted a strategy of importing cars it needed to offer a full range of competitive vehicles. During 1998, General Motors-Holden's Ltd name was shortened to 'Holden Ltd'.On 26 April 1990, GM's New Zealand subsidiary announced that production at the assembly plant based in would be phased out and vehicles would be imported duty-free—this came after the 1984 closure of the assembly line due to low output volumes.
During the 1990s, Holden, other Australian automakers and trade unions pressured the Australian Government to halt the lowering of car import tariffs. By 1997, the federal government had already cut tariffs to 22.5 percent, from 57.5 percent ten years earlier; by 2000, a plan was formulated to reduce the tariffs to 15 percent. Holden was critical, saying that Australia's population was not large enough, and that the changes could tarnish the local industry. Introduced in 1997, marked the Commodore's global expansion.Holden re-introduced its defunct Statesman title in 1990—this time under the Holden marque, as the. For 1991, Holden updated the Statesman and Caprice with a range of improvements, including the introduction of four-wheel (ABS); although, a rear-wheel system had been standard on the Statesman Caprice from March 1976. ABS was added to the short-wheelbase Commodore range in 1992. Another returning variant was the full-size utility, and on this occasion it was based on the Commodore.
The VN Commodore received a major facelift in 1993 with the —compared to the VN, approximately 80 percent of the car model was new. Exterior changes resulted in a smoother overall body and a 'twin-kidney' grille—a Commodore styling trait that remained until the 2002 model and, as of 2013, remains a permanent staple on HSV variants.Holden introduced the all-new in 1997, the outcome of a A$600 million development programme that spanned more than five years. The new model featured a rounded exterior body shell, improved handling and many firsts for an Australian-built car. Also, a stronger body structure increased crash safety. The locally produced Buick-sourced powered the Commodore range, as did the 5.0-litre Holden V8 engine, and was replaced in 1999 by the 5.7-litre unit. The 1998 continued Holden's trend of sourcing its mid-size and smaller model lines from Opel in Europe.The UAAI badge-engineered cars first introduced in 1989 sold in far fewer numbers than anticipated, but the Holden Commodore, Toyota Camry, and Corolla were all successful when sold under their original nameplates. The first generation Nova and the donor Corolla were produced at Holden's Dandenong, Victoria facility until 1994.
UAAI was dissolved in 1996, and Holden returned to selling only GM products. The Holden Astra and, both designed by in Germany, replaced the Toyota-sourced Holden Nova and Apollo.
This came after the 1994 introduction of the replacing the already available Suzuki Swift as the source for the Holden Barina. Sales of the full-size sourced from Chevrolet commenced in 1998—lasting until 2001. Also in 1998, local assembly of the Vectra began at Elizabeth, South Australia. These cars were exported to Japan and Southeast Asia with Opel badges. However, the Vectra did not achieve sufficient sales in Australia to justify local assembly, and reverted to being fully imported in 2000.
2000s Holden's market surge from the 1990s reversed in the 2000s decade. In Australia, Holden's market share dropped from 27.5 percent in 2000 to 15.2 percent in 2006. From March 2003, Holden no longer held the number one sales position in Australia, losing ground to Toyota.This overall downturn affected Holden's profits; the company recorded a combined gain of A$842.9 million from 2002 to 2004, and a combined loss of A$290 million from 2005 to 2006. Factors contributing to the loss included the development of an all-new model, the strong Australian dollar and the cost of reducing the workforce at the Elizabeth plant, including the loss of 1,400 jobs after the closure of the third-shift assembly line in 2005, after two years in operation. Holden fared better in 2007, posting an A$6 million loss.
This was followed by an A$70.2 million loss in the 2008, an A$210.6 million loss in 2009, and a profit of A$112 million in 2010. On 18 May 2005, 'Holden Ltd' became 'GM Holden Ltd', coinciding with the resettling to the new Holden headquarters on 191 Salmon Street, Port Melbourne, Victoria.
Holden updated the with the series in 2006, Holden's first 'clean-sheet' design since 1971.Throughout the 1990s, Opel had also been the source of many Holden models. To increase profitability, Holden looked to the South Korean brand for replacements after acquiring a 44.6 percent stake—worth US$251 million—in the company in 2002 as a representative of GM. This was increased to 50.9 percent in 2005, but when GM further increased its stake to 70.1 percent around the time of its 2009, Holden's interest was relinquished and transferred to another (undisclosed) part of GM.The commencement of the Holden-branded Daewoo models began with the 2005 Holden Barina, which based on the, replaced the Opel Corsa as the source of the Barina. In the same year, the Viva, based on the, replaced the entry-level Holden Astra Classic, although the new-generation Astra introduced in 2004 continued on. The came next in 2006. After discontinuing the and Jackaroo models in 2003, Holden was only left with one model: the, a Commodore-based station wagon.
The fourth model to be replaced with a South Korean alternative was the Vectra by the mid-size in 2007. As a result of the split between GM and Isuzu, Holden lost the rights to use the 'Rodeo' nameplate. Consequently, the Holden Rodeo was facelifted and relaunched as the in 2008. Following Holden's successful application for a A$149 million government grant to build a localised version of the in Australia from 2011, Holden in 2009 announced that it would initially import the small car unchanged from South Korea as the Holden Cruze.Following the government grant announcement, Australia's Prime Minister at the time, stated that production would support 600 new jobs at the Elizabeth facility; however, this failed to take into account Holden's previous announcement, whereby 600 jobs would be shed when production of the Family II engine ceased in late 2009. In mid-2013, Holden sought a further A$265 million, in addition to the A$275 million that was already committed by the governments of Canberra, South Australia and Victoria, to remain viable as a car manufacturer in Australia. A source close to Holden informed the Australian news publication that the car company is losing money on every vehicle that it produces and consequently initiated negotiations to reduce employee wages by up to A$200 per week to cut costs, following the announcement of 400 job cuts and an assembly line reduction of 65 (400 to 335) cars per day. From 2001 to 2012, Holden received over A$150 million a year in subsidy from Australian government.
The subsidy from 2007 was more than Holden's capital investment of the same period. From 2004, Holden was only able to make a profit in 2010 and 2011. 2010s In March 2012, Holden was given a $270 million lifeline by the Australian, South Australian and Victorian governments.
In return, Holden planned to inject over $1 billion into car manufacturing in Australia. They estimated the new investment package would return around $4 billion to the Australian economy and see GM Holden continue making cars in Australia until at least 2022.Industry Minister confirmed on 10 July 2013 that talks had been scheduled between the Australian government and Holden. On 13 August 2013, 1,700 employees at the Elizabeth plant in northern Adelaide voted to accept a three-year wage freeze in order to decrease the chances of the production line's closure in 2016. Holden's ultimate survival, though, depended on continued negotiations with the Federal Government—to secure funding for the period from 2016 to 2022—and the final decision of the global headquarters in Detroit, US.Following an unsuccessful attempt to secure the extra funding required from the new Liberal/National coalition government, on 11 December 2013, General Motors announced that Holden would cease engine and vehicle manufacturing operations in Australia by the end of 2017. As a result, 2,900 jobs would be lost over four years. Beyond 2017 Holden's Australian presence would consist of a national sales company, a parts distribution centre and a global design studio.In May 2014, GM reversed their decision to abandon the Lang Lang Proving Ground and decided to keep it as part of their engineering capability in Australia.In 2015, Holden again began selling a range of Opel-derived cars comprising the Astra VXR and (both based on the OPC models sold by Vauxhall). Later that year, Holden also announced plans to sell the European Astra and the Korean Cruze alongside each other from 2017.In December 2015, Belgian entrepreneur commenced negotiations to buy the Commodore manufacturing plant in South Australia, with a view to continue producing a rebadged Zeta-based premium range of rear and all-wheel drive vehicles for local and export sales.
The proposal was met with doubt in South Australia, and it later came to nothing. On 20 October 2017, Holden ceased manufacturing vehicles in Australia. Holden then imported their cars from Opel in Germany and GM plants in Canada, U.S., Thailand, and South Korea.2020s On 17 February 2020, General Motors announced that the Holden brand would be retired by 2021. Holden logos from 1928 (left) and 1972 (right). 2007 sales and production Vehicle salesUnits104,1,091Total146,680Vehicle productionUnitsTotal107,795Engine productionUnits136,699132,722Total269,421ExportsUnitsEngines173,463Vehicles36,534Total209,997On 8 May 2015, Jeff Rolfs, Holden's CFO, became interim chairman and managing director. Holden announced on 6 February 2015 that Mark Bernhard would return to Holden as chairman and managing director, the first Australian to hold the post in 25 years.
In 2010, Holden sold vehicles across Australia through the Holden Dealer Network (310 authorised stores and 12 service centres), which employed more than 13,500 people.In 1987, Holden established (HSV) in partnership with, who primarily manufactured modified, high-performance Commodore variants. To further reinforce the brand, HSV introduced the into the V8 Supercar fold in 2005 under the naming rights of Toll HSV Dealer Team.Holden's logo, of a lion holding a stone, was introduced in 1928. Holden's Motor Body Builders appointed to design the emblem, which refers to a fable in which observations of lions rolling stones led to the invention of the wheel. With the 1948 launch of the 48–215, Holden revised its logo.
It commissioned another redesign in 1972 to better represent the company. The emblem was reworked once more in 1994. Exports Holden began to export vehicles in 1954, sending the FJ to New Zealand. Exports to New Zealand continued, but to broaden their export potential, Holden began to cater their Commodore, Monaro and Statesman/Caprice models for both right- and left-hand drive markets. The Middle East was Holden's largest export market, with the Commodore sold as the from 1998, and the Statesman from 1999 as the.
Commodores were also sold as the Chevrolet Lumina in Brunei, Fiji and South Africa, and as the in Brazil. Pontiac in North America also imported Commodore sedans from 2008 through to 2009 as the. The G8's cessation was a consequence of GM's Chapter 11 bankruptcy resulting in the demise of the Pontiac brand.Sales of the Monaro began in 2003 to the Middle East as the Chevrolet Lumina Coupe. Later that year a modified version of the Monaro began selling in the United States (but not in Canada) as the, and under the Monaro name through dealerships in the United Kingdom.
This arrangement continued through to 2005 when the car was discontinued. The long-wheelbase Statesman sales in the Chinese market as the Buick Royaum began in 2005, before being replaced in 2007 by the Statesman-based. Statesman/Caprice exports to South Korea also began in 2005. These Korean models were sold as the, and later as the from 2008. Holden's move into international markets proved profitable; export revenue increased from A$973 million in 1999 to just under $1.3 billion in 2006.From 2011, the was exported to North America as the Chevrolet Caprice PPV, a version of the Caprice built exclusively for law enforcement in North America and sold only to police. From 2007, the HSV-based Commodore was exported to the United Kingdom as the.In 2013, Chevrolet announced that exports of the Commodore would resume to North America in the form of the VF Commodore as the Chevrolet SS sedan for the 2014 model year.
The Chevrolet SS Sedan was also imported to the United States (but again, not to Canada) for 2015 with only minor changes, notably the addition of Magnetic Ride Control suspension and a manual transmission. For the 2016 model year the SS sedan received a facelift based on the VF Series II Commodore unveiled in September 2015. In 2017, production of Holden's last two American exports, the SS and the Caprice PPV was discontinued.Leadership.
(1917–1934). (1934–1946).
Harold E. Bettle (1946–1953). Earl C. Daum (1953–1959). Harlow C.
Gage (1959–1962). David L. Heglund (1962–1966). Max C. Wilson (1966–1968). (1968–1970). A.
'Bill' Gibbs (1970–1973). Damon Martin (1973–1976). Charles S. 'Chuck' Chapman (1976–1987). John G.
Bagshaw (1987–1990). William J.
Hamel (1990–1997). James R. Wiemels (1997–1999). (1999–2003). (2003–2007). (2007–2008).
(2008–2009). Alan Batey (2009–2010). Michael Devereux (2010–2014). Gerry Dorizas (2014–2014). Jeff Rolfs (Interim chairman and managing director) (2014–2015). Mark Bernhard (2015–2018). Dave Buttner (2018–2019).
Kristian Aquilina (Dec 2019–present) Acting Chairman and Managing DirectorSales. Sales in Australia YearAnnual SalesPositionBest Selling Model20Commodore20Commodore20Commodore20Commodore20Commodore20Commodore20Commodore20Commodore20Commodore20Commodore20Commodore20Commodore20Commodore20Commodore2Commodore2Commodore2Colorado20Colorado.
Campbell, Matt (2 August 2013). Archived from on 11 August 2013.
Retrieved 26 August 2013. 11 December 2013. 11 December 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). 20 October 2017. ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). 17 February 2020. Archived from on 9 June 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2009.: Part One, p. 16.
Wright, John (1998). Heart of the Lion. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. Archived from on 2 April 2015. Hancock, Joan; Richards, Eric.
Retrieved 23 August 2008. ^. Unique Cars and Parts. Retrieved 23 August 2008. Gibbs, A G (10 January 1965). 'Correspondence: F W Stevenson to J H Horn'. Holden Archives Held Mortlock Library.
BRG 213 series. ^.
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Chevrolet Lacetti Service Manuals
Title | File Size | Download Link |
Chevrolet Lacetti 2004 Service Manual.rar | 64.1Mb | Download |
Chevrolet Lacetti Electrical Wiring Diagram.pdf | 3.8Mb | Download |
Chevrolet Lacetti Repair Manual.rar | 28Mb | Download |
Chevrolet Lacetti sedan Service Manual.pdf | 96.5Mb | Download |
Chevrolet Lacetti history
Chevrolet Lacetti – a compact car, created by the South Korean automaker GM Daewoo. At the moment, the car continues to be released in a sedan car in Uzbekistan and China. The release of the 5-door hatchback and 5-door station wagon is discontinued.
The model replaced Daewoo Nubira. The design of the sedan and wagon was developed in the Italian studio Pininfarina, the hatchback design was created by the Italian studio Giorgetto Giugiaro. The car was introduced in the sedan car in Seoul in 2002, a year and a half later the hatchback was shown at the Frankfurt Motor Show, and the station wagon was on sale in 2004.
In 2009 Chevrolet Lacetti and Chevrolet Cobalt of the first generation were replaced by a new model of the GM concern for all markets of the Chevrolet Cruze. The most sold model in China in 2012 (under the name of Buick Excelle).
In 2014, it was withdrawn from production in Russia, in 2014 – in Uzbekistan. In return, they produce Daewoo Gentra, but for the domestic market of Uzbekistan the name Chevrolet Lacetti is used.
Markets
Russia
In Russia, the car began to be sold in 2004, all three types of body were introduced.
The following petrol 4-cylinder engines were officially available in Russia:
- 1.4 L E-TEC II – 95 hp at 6300 rpm
- 1,6 L E-TEC II – 109 hp at 5800 rpm
- 1.8 L E-TEC II – 122 hp at 5800 ppm
Cars with a 2-liter engine in Russia were not sold.
In 2007, a special version of the WTCC street edition was launched, based on the WTCC championship, in which the sports Lacetti won prizes. This version differs from the serial version by the presence of a rear spoiler, sports kit, cast discs.
Since 2013, Russia is being sold in an updated form as Daewoo Gentra (from 2015 under the Ravon brand). Assembling cars in a sedan car is made in Uzbekistan. The assembly of Chevrolet Lacetti in Kaliningrad is discontinued.
European Union
In Europe, the car was originally sold under the brand Daewoo, and only in 2004 was named Chevrolet. In some countries, under the name Lacetti, only the hatchback was sold, and the sedan and station wagon were called Nubira.
European models were available with the following petrol 4-cylinder engines:
- 1.4 L E-TEC II – 93 hp (69 kW) at 6300 rpm
- 1,6 L E-TEC II – 109 hp (80 kW) at 5800 rpm
- 1.8 L E-TEC II – 120 hp (90 kW) at 5800 rpm
- 2.0 L E-TEC II – 132 hp (101 kW) at 5800 rpm
USA
In the US, the car sold under the brand Suzuki Forenza (sedan and wagon) and Suzuki Reno (hatchback), coming in 2004 to replace the model Daewoo Nubira. Forenza / Reno took the place between Aerio (later SX4) and Verona.
The American model line included the 4-cylinder gasoline engine 2.0L E-TEC II, developed by Holden, which produces 126 hp. at 5600 rpm.
China
In China, the car is sold under the brand Buick Excelle. In 2008, the sedan was restyled. In 2009, the production of the hatchback (Buick Excelle HRV) and the station wagon was discontinued.
Other countries
In Australia, the car was sold under the brand Holden Viva, in Asia, South America, as well as in Canada, Mexico and South Africa under the brand Chevrolet Optra.